Tag Archives: Christianity

Humanist Ad Campaigns, Part II

Read part one here.

After a humanist friend of mine posted a comment on the ads, I responded:

“I found the ads ironic.”

To which she replied:

“You gotta explain the irony, Rich. You want to quote something from a philosophically Humanist publication that is as bad as any of those Biblical quotes? Notice I said “Humanist”, not just “atheist”.”

And we were off.  I’m going to call her “Margaret.”

RB:

A few things…first, humanists I’ve known are often pretty quick to cry foul when Christians engage in black and white thinking. Secondly, they also typically cry foul, often for good reason, when Christians handle opposing beliefs without academic responsibility…anyone can take something out of its context, without regard to the whole system, and make that worldview sound pretty silly.

I could do that to lots of things you say, most likely, and you’d consider yourself ill abused…in fact, I could probably take the very techniques inherent in the ads and make you sound like a crazed fundamentalist Christian.

Bottom line: it is very easy to take some quote, assert its stupid, and therefore assert the whole worldview is stupid.  That kind of treatment of opposing beliefs often gets Christians accused of irrationality (most of the time secular humanists are doing the accusing), and rightly so. But that is what is going on here. 

It is far more difficult to level a critique after taking pains to show what the passage (as opposed to just quoting a one liner and asserting what you think it means as self evident) actually means, understanding historical background, etc.

This is the very thing I try so hard to teach my seniors in the research methods class I have. Some of those ads on the website are laughable in the way they treat the verses.

To be fair, they are ads, not graduate research papers, so perhaps I’m expecting too much. A certain amount of leeway comes w/ the territory I guess. They won’t persuade many who are in the know, however.

Margaret:

Given the details, I disagree. You say “in fact, I could probably take the very techniques inherent in the ads and make you sound like a crazed fundamentalist Christian.” Please do so. And when I say do so, I mean take quotes from Humanist declarations, resolutions, and manifestos (such as the ones quoted in the ads) and put them alongside Biblical quotes in a manner that makes Humanism ethics sound monterous and Biblical ethics sound much more in line with today’s ethical standards. I do not think this can be achieved.

Also, Rich, born again Christians typically claim to follow the Bible to the letter. Having read the Bible and read about the Bible by Biblical scholars, I find such a thing to be impossible because the Bible isn’t internally consistent. However, my point is this: there is not a wide range of interpretation that can be made of Humanist declarations and manifestos. Their meanings are intended to be as clear as possible and they are written in modern language because they are in fact modern.

The Bible is an ancient and highly confusing book. It requires all sorts of apologetics and interpretations by clergy from various sects, theologians, and Biblical scholars often disagree widely about the meaning and context of many passages. This is what has allowed the Bible to be used to both advocate for both the abolition of and defense of slavery in the United States. While Humanist manifestos and declarations specifically apply to modern day issues and say what they mean clearly, the Bible is useless as a foundation for morality.

It’s greatest use in history seems to be by power-hungry charismatic individuals who use its supposed divine authority to push their own agendas.

RB:

People do it with Einstein and Darwin all the time. They take quotes from Einstein out of context (“God doesn’t play dice with the universe” and other quotes) to make him seem like a devoted theist, when most likely he wasn’t expressing devotion to a personal God at all, and given everything else he said/believed, probably wasn’t even a theist.  Dawkins might be right on that one.

 Likewise with Darwin: people isolate things he said to make it seem like he had these grand doubts about his theories.  I doubt it, though.

Martha, what I was talking about is a commonsense approach to understanding anything, written or spoken: communication happens from the whole to the part, yet those ads treat the Bible like it is a collection of isolated sentences.

That, actually, is the locus of much of the confusion you mentioned. The Bible would be much less confusing to you if you read it like everything else. Don’t read poetry like historical narrative. Don’t read historical narrative like doctrinal instruction. Take each type of genre as it was meant to be taken–this is what is meant by “literal,” not “interpret everything the exact same way.” Don’t isolate sentences out of their context, and so forth–if you do any of that, you’ll most likely miss the boat.

Here’s an example: the ad that uses the 1 Tim passage to suggest Paul was an obvious mysogynist and that he oppressed women. If Paul was really arguing what the ad suggests, do you think he would have had women as ministry partners (as is evident in his other letters and from the book of Acts)?

There is no attempt to understand the intent of the passage as a whole and nor is there any attempt to take into account all Paul’s other statements regarding husbands loving, protecting, and providing for their wives. No mention of the mutual submission from Ephesians. It’s all as if he never said any of that. If I treated a humanist’s writing like that, I’d probably get skewered as being irrational.

Same for the one about trusting in the Lord.  The suggestion is that the Bible is obviously against using the mind to rationally think with logic and evidence. Again, no effort to understand what the proverb might actually be suggesting. If it really did say that and that was the Bible’s message (“logic/evidence/intellect=baaad. Feeelings=goood!”), the history of Christendom most likely wouldn’t include guys like Augustine, Lewis, Aquinas, and Plantinga, and passageas like Romans 12 wouldn’t be in the Bible.

And on scholars, theologians etc “disagreeing widely:” you and I both know that there are many reasons people have for holding the beliefs they do, and many times those reasons don’t have much to do with the text itself. Some defend the turf they do because they want to impress a peer group. Others because it allows them to live a certain way they want to live. Still others because they’d give up lots of grant money if they gave up the game, etc etc. The point here is that pointing to the mere fact of disagreement among theologians and others doesn’t get you far. Best just to focus on the text itself, and your case for what you think it means. A solid, well-thought out and rational argument and interpretation will hold water, regardless of others (including “scholars”) that disagree. The mere fact of disagreeing voices does not mean there is no truth of the matter to be found.

By the way, what biblical scholars have you read? Sounds like you have read and consulted quite a few. Can you remember any names? Just curious.

Anything can be abused by power hungry charismatic individuals.  This is not a mark against whatever is being abused. Again, just because I might be able to take take some stuff you say out of context and abuse your words doesn’t mean you yourself are at fault. It’s all about whether the connection is actually there.

Lastly, yes, the Bible is ancient, and yes it is from a different culture, but why is that a bad thing? Are you suggesting we have no wisdom to gain from something ancient and outside of our own modern culture?

Part III coming up!

Atheist Ad Campains

One of my buddies, a fellow Christian, emailed that picture to me the other day.  Some of his family members were floating it back and forth, commenting on how clever it was.

I had to chuckle, but not because I thought it clever.  IMO, it leaves atheists open to several responses.  One could just as easily retort back something to the tune of “Religion inspired Martin Luther King.  Science inspired Hiroshima.”

Someone could respond to that by pointing out that I shouldn’t be blaming a whole methodology for a particular thing that someone abused said methodology to invent…which is my point precisely in the retort in the first place. 

You see, the ad commits the fallacy of hasty generalization.  It lumps all religious ideologies into one amorphous whole, and it uses the evil caused by some specific religious ideologies to paint all religions.  Not a very rational or honest thing to do, yet I find some atheist types doing it all the time.  They completely ignore all the huge differences between religions and treat them all the same.  As one author quipped, saying all religions are ultimately the same is like insisting that aspirin and arsenic are ultimately the same because they come in tablet form.

I don’t know how folks can logically put the worldview of Jesus and the worldview of Mohammed in the same boat, but that doesn’t stop people from foolishly trying.

Talk to these folks, and you get the impression that belief in and devotion to any and all higher powers is dangerous.

I guess that depends on what the character of that higher power is.

I have reason to hold that when I pass away, I will be held accountable for my actions in this life by a powerful, just, loving Creator God who insists that I treat my fellow man with compassion…BOO!  Fear me.

Kinda Convicting

This week my pastor told a really poignant story in his sermon, and the point he drove home with the story was powerful and right on:

He told of something he saw on the news a while back, where a woman had an asthma attack, but she had no inhaler with her.  Her husband thought fast and quickly brought her to a nearby CVS pharmacy.  They rushed to the pharmacy window and, presenting their urgent need at the desk, asked the clerk for an inhaler.

The clerk brought one to the counter, and gave the price: $21.50.

The husband produced a $20, and frantically searched for the other $1.50, but couldn’t find enough.  He told the clerk and asked if he could just have it; after all, his wife was in a serious condition, it would take too long for the paramedics to arrive, and time was of the essence–she could die.

The clerk, unfortunately, was obstinate: “I’m sorry, but it costs $21.50.  I can’t just give you something you haven’t paid for.”

The husband, surprised, attempted to plead, but to no avail: “you mean you’re gonna let my wife die for a buck fifty?  Come on!”

“Sorry, can’t do that.”

The paramedics arrived eventually and the woman was helped, but wasn’t the clerk a jerk? 

The point the pastor made with the story was that he was like that with the gospel.  People all around are dying and perishing without Christ, and he simply goes around with the inhaler in his pocket, cowing to silly cultural rules:

“Oh, I don’t want to be a holy roller.”
“Oh, I don’t want to shove the Bible down their throat.”
“Oh, I don’t want to be rejected.”
“Oh, I just want to love them in action rather than tell them.:

Oh…? and on and on and on.

That point stuck with me.  I’m familiar with the mindset because I’m like that too.  I’d rather withold life-giving spiritual medicine from people for a buck fifty of being well thought of.

Kinda convicting…

What is Truth?

…such was the subject of a recent Socratic Seminar (Socratic seminars are basically class discussions on a certain question/text that are more student-directed, rather than teacher-directed) in an English class of one of my colleagues.

The day before the discussion, she put up a status update on Facebook to the tune of “this should be interesting.  Lots to talk about,” as if the question was controversial or somehow hard to answer. 

I commented, somewhat sarcastically: “uuhhh..answer: correspondence with reality.  End of discussion.”

My comment, though I was trying to be funny and witty (I probably royally failed), was only somewhat sarcastic.  That is *the* answer.  A statement or belief is “true” when it matches, corresponds to, or aligns with an actual state of affairs in reality.  Aristotle, though by no means the inventor of this, was perhaps one of the first to articulate it when he said:

To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true.

Boy, thank goodness we have philosophers (sarcasm implied there).

Now, that doesn’t mean that no other answer has been proposed.  Plenty have.  Some philosophers have argued that “truth” is when a statement or belief coheres and meshes well with your other beliefs (called the “coherence” view of truth), while others have insisted that we can’t know reality as it is in itself; we can only know our perceptions.  These fellas hold that concepts in our minds do not match with (or fail to match with) reality–they construct reality.  This is called the “constructivist” view of truth (see a trend here?).

Richard Rorty, Duke U. philosopher, is famous for quipping, “truth is what my peers let me get away with saying.”

Funny story: one time, whe Rorty gave his version of truth, Alvin Plantinga, of Notre Dame fame, shot back: “Richard, we are not going to let you get away with that,” shining a light on the slightly self-defeating nature of the statement.

Notice this, though: no matter what the alternative version is, they all have one thing in common–they all assume the correspondence view of truth.  They wouldn’t make sense without it.  In other words, folks who think truth is something other than correspondence to reality say something like this: “truth is NOT correspondence to reality.  Truth is ____.” To which one can always ask, “are you accurately describing truth?”  In other words, does the alternative view of truth correspond to what truth really is, or is it just a statement of the speaker’s belief?  If the latter, it can be written off as “just a belief.”  If the former–if the person making the statement is purporting to describe reality, purporting to describe what truth is really like, they’ve really shot themselves in the foot.

A few comments down in the Facebook thread, my colleague noted: “if you were in the discussion, they (the students) would have plenty to say.  Many would question you and disagree with you.”

To which I replied: “…and in so doing unwittingly confirmed my view.”

The only way in which their disagreement would matter and make any sense is if they would say that my claims do not accurately describe/match up with what truth really is, i.e, my claims do not correspond to reality.  Otherwise, who cares?  If, in their disagreement, they would just be expressing their personal taste or preference, why bother?  Why have an in depth and principled socratic discussion over what would only amount to ice cream tastes?  Only if we are talking about reality would I want to waste ANY energy at all in the dialogue.

So how did the discussion go?  I asked my colleague that question the next day, and she said that it actually turned out to be quite a discussion, and she summarized some of the things her students remarked.  Their comments clued me in that they were really answering and asking a bunch of different questions that departed from the original topic somewhat.   That doesn’t mean they weren’t good questions to ask/statements to make, but it sounds like they never really got around to addressing the topic directly…I’ll just lay it all out here and hopefully you’ll see what I mean:

* “One’s beliefs and perceptions are shaped largely by their environment and how he was raised.”

Yes, true.  Question, though: so what?  What follows from that?  Does that mean that said person doesn’t know the truth?  Does that mean that no one can know the truth?  The answer to both questions is “no.”  Just because one’s beliefs or views have been shaped by his surroundings (“if you were raised in Saudi Arabia, you’d be a Muslim, not a Christian.”) doesn’t mean the views he does hold are false, unjustified, unknowable, or that the person doesn’t hold those beliefs for rational, solid reasons.  To suggest otherwise would be a major non sequitur.

* “How can a person be sure that their religion or belief on truth is the correct one?”

Good question.  Short answer: take the claims of the religion, along with the reasons and evidence supporting those claims, and compare/contrast with the claims of other religions.  The first thing you’ll notice is that a) they can’t all be true, and b) they all aren’t on equal footing when it comes to rational justification.

Sometimes, people ask this question not as a genuine query or search, but as a way of skeptically dismissing someone who does strongly hold to a certain belief.  Some, when confronted with a strong believer, merely shrug, mumble “how can you know?” and walk away, without waiting for an answer.  This is the lazy man’s way of justifying his own intellectual laziness. 

Someone who asks that question but refuses to actually go further and seek an honest answer to the question is not a real player in the game.  Until these folks demonstrate that they take the enterprise seriously and are willing to think through how one could know, I tend to not take them seriously.

* “How can someone know his views are correct if he hasn’t explored the alternatives?”

Another good question.  If you haven’t done this, you need to do so.  You could be wrong, so comparing your worldview to the worldview of others will only benefit you.  You’ll either figure out you got it wrong, and you’ll need to change your view, or you’ll figure out that you are onto something, in which case you’ll gain confidence and peace.  Either way is a win for you.  People of all stripes, atheist, Jewish, Buddhist, Agnostic, Skeptic, not just the Christian, need to do this.

By the way, though some detailed examination of other beliefs is needed, for some worldviews and religions, this need not be complicated.  For example, if a religion claims that evil is an illusion or that the individual is an illusion (as do some strains of Hinduism, and some atheists), that pretty much disqualifies that one right there.  Pretty easy to say that in an academic classroom setting removed from the flotsam and jetsam of reality; quite another thing to state it with a straight face at the foot of the gas chambers of Auschwitz.  In other words: though you will need to do a great bit of digging on some questions and for some worldviews, some questions can be answered and some worldviews eliminated with common sense, so don’t fret and make the search more complicated than it needs to be.

*Religion (in large part) is handed down from parents and surrounding influences when children are young.

Yes, this is the case with many people.  As is commonly said: “if you were born in China, you’d be Buddhist,” or “if you were born in Iraq, you’d be Muslim.”  First, while that is generally true with a wide swath of people, that does not mean we should conclude environment or locale determines belief.   Christians are dispersed the world throughout, and we see all the time instances of people rejecting the worldview of their culture.   Difficult, yes.  Rare, comparitively.  But very possible.

Secondly, it is an error to conclude from the observation above that such a belief gained through the influence of one’s own culture is therefore unjustified.  You can’t fault a belief on it’s source; that is the genetic fallacy.  Beliefs are true or false wholly apart from the environmental influences that might have caused it.  Just because someone might have received his beliefs from his parents does not make those beliefs false, and does not mean the person can’t know his beliefs are true.  It is a semi-interesting observation of human nature, nothing more.

*When is it okay to lie? When is it not okay to lie?

Quick answer: if it is 1942 in Nazi Germany, and you have Jews in your basement, you get a pass.  Otherwise, I usually advise against it.

All these statements and questions are interesting, but they are a way’s down the road, and, strictly speaking, someone that brings them up in the context of the “what is truth?” topic is changing the subject.  The answer to the question “what is truth?” is fairly simple.

Perpetually Single

Bashing the Church is all the rage these days, especially from folks within (or who, in some instances, claim to be within) the Church itself.  I’m not a big fan of this trend, partly because it’s a trend.   It’s hip.  It’s cool.  And let’s face it, it’s kind of easy.  It’s incredibly easy to sit back, point the finger at whatever you think you see is wrong in the church, and just be bitter about it.  Grumbling takes little horsepower.  Much more difficult to actually positively spur the Church on to greater love and good deeds (kinda like the fellas who wrote Why we Love the Church did in that book).  I admit I’m a partaker…I just think so much of the critique is no critique at all, but bitter grumbling, and it’s not helpful.

So there’s the caveat to this post.

The other night I was having a conversation with a close friend of mine who is going through a rough time in his life.  Without getting into many of the specifics, he is feeling burned by some of his past experience in the church, and is reacting in rather self destructive ways.  He’ll be the first to admit that the buck stops with him, however I can’t deny that he’s been sold a false bill of goods by some well meaning people in the church.  I’ve actually had quite a few friends go through the same thing recently, and all of them have this one thing in common: their struggle deals with marriage, dating, and singleness.

He made a really good point in the middle of our conversation, one that could pass as grumbling, but at the same time it’s an accurate critique.

“The ‘singles groups’ in churches teach people to be perpetually single,” he said.

I think he’s on to something.

In far too many singles groups, there is no one from the outside, say an older man for the guys or older woman for the gals, exhorting them to be proactively seeking a spouse (which is ok, you know..even good!).  The same could be said about finding a career, though not nearly to the same extent.  Virtually no one is even teaching them how to move towards marriage.  The result is a bunch of people in the same age group reinforcing the same single lifestyle and habits.

You might not think that’s a big deal.  Go ask my friend (as previously mentioned, there are actually more than one in this exact position), though, and he’ll tell you about his struggles after banking for so long on advice from his fellow single peers.   He sorely wishes he had an older man in his life saying, “hey, get off your duff.  Get a job.  Get married.  Church service and ministry are good, but you need to get up and get going…now.”

Now, I’m down with the whole “content in your singleness” mantra.  I’ve seen some go to the opposite extreme and make marriage, sex, and relationships an idol, and I’ve seen them get burned as a result.  After you’ve pursued your idol fo so many years withou success at attaining it, the bitterness that results from that is often worse than all the downsides of singleness put together.  Better to look to Christ for your self worth than a relationship.  Still, though, I think that slogan is over-used as a knee jerk reaction.  Encouraging a single person to actively seek a spouse is entirely appropriate and good.  You can be “content in your singleness” and actively seek at the same time.

I hasten to add that celibacy is a high calling deserving of honor for those that choose it.  These people devote their all to the Lord in a lifetime of service as a single person.  If someone can do that and not be lonely and bitter from it, they deserve praise and honor of the highest degree.  For the rest of us, though, marriage is our calling, and it’s unwise to passively prolong the singleness period.   It’s one thing to be proactive but not meet success; it’s another thing entirely to be passive about it and just wait around, letting the best years for getting married roll by.

Singles groups are doing no one a favor by leaving their attendees uncounseled when it comes to actually moving towards marriage.

Quite a Dilemma

The other day in English class we were reading a Native American creation story.  In the story were twins who were always fighting.  By the end of the story, one, the “left-handed twin” ended up governing the night, and the other, the “right-handed twin” ended up governing the day.  In the Iroquois tradition, the twin governing the night stood for evil (they wouldn’t call it evil, I guess), warfare, torture, etc, and the other twin stood for light and goodness.

The thing is that the Iroquois were thankful for and honored both twins.  I took this to mean more than a simple observation that sometimes good things can come out of evil actions (for example, the story of Joseph in the Old Testament); I took this to be a kind of “yin-yang” thing where the distinction between good and evil is blurred considerably.

Even if I missed the point, what happened next is a doozy.

I asked the students how the Iroquois concept of good and evil compared and contrasted with their own.  They had trouble with that one, so I asked a more concrete question: say I paraded a 2 year old in front of the class and proceeded to torture it, joyfully and mercilessly, just because I enjoyed it.  Would I have done something wrong?  Even if the left-handed twin were to find it “good,” would that action be worth “honoring”?

Hand goes up. 

“Yes”?  I call on the student.

“Well, it depends on who you ask…”  He then proceeded to give a straight relativistic answer.

A cacophany of protests rises up from the rest of the class.  This is the same guy I mentioned in the previous post.

Like I said last time, sometimes you don’t need to directly answer someone.  Sometimes if you just let them talk, they saw off the branch they’re sitting on.

I’ve had conversations like this with him before.  He’s a subjectivist when it comes to morality.  I’ve tried to explain to him the quandry he’s in, a quandry that he’s had a hard time “getting,” but the exchange above demonstrates it nicely. 

When faced with acts of wonton cruelty and wickedness, a subjectivist/relativist has two choices: if he admits its really wrong, he surrenders his subjectivism and relativism (and, his naturalism/atheism, because the latter leads to the former).  If he maintains that it “depends on who you ask” or something like that, he maintains his subjectivism, but he surrenders his humanity.  If he were to really witness something like what I described above, I suspect that every bone in his body would scream out in proclamation of the truth that he knows deep down but that his subjectivism can’t make sense of: some things are just really, truly, objectively wrong.

Another Reason why I Love my Job

I have this kid in one of my English classes that is quite the lil “new atheist.”  Self-proclaimed, btw.  He told me the first day of class that his goal is to be a spokesman for the new atheism, and to help rid the world of religion.  He is ambitious, if nothing else.

I’m telling you, this guy is uber-aggressive.  Quite the evangelist, really.  Anytime he finds a Christian student, he starts attacking and just will not stop.  In class, he constantly raises his hand and steers the conversation onto religious topics.  He frequently stays after class to debate me.  Rather than viewing his presence as an obstacle, liability, or nuisance (ok, I admit…a time or two I have thought in my head, “can’t I just eat my chicken in peace, pal?”), I view him as a great opportunity to use my gifts for the greater good.   Almost every day I get to use my education to hopefully get him (and his classmates) to pause and think things through.

When he steers conversations in class, I usually stick to asking good questions, and most of the time, I give him enough rope such that he hangs himself.  One of the students once asked me, “Mr. B, why don’t you just shut him down?”  My answer was that I want anyone and everyone to feel free to express their views in my class, and really, I don’t have to shut him down for the rest of the class to get it.  When he’s talking, I look around the rest of the class and often see eyes rolling.  Most of the time, quite a few hands go up in protest of his statements.  Sometimes, you don’t have to positively prove someone wrong for an audience to see it…sometimes, all you gotta do is let him talk.  Get out of the way.  I’m confident my questions are also doing work.

There has been one instance after class, though, where I have been a bit more aggressive.  One day he was ranting and raving to another student about Stephen Hawking’s new book.  Hawking boasts in the book that God is no longer needed to explain the origin of the universe, so it’s not surprising that this student would love the book.  Listening to the conversation, I couldn’t help but smile, and, seeing me smile, he asked, “What do you think of the book?”

I replied that I haven’t read the book (its on my list, don’t worry), but I’ve read some reviews, and I know a bit about Hawking outside of them.  His determinism certainly gets in the way, and I attempted to explain this to my budding new atheist.  According to determinism, the physical world is governed by the laws of physics, chemistry, or some other natural science (depending on what kind of determinist you are talking to).  So far so good, but the determinist goes on to argue that the physical world is all there is.   Therefore, the cause-and-effect laws of physics/chemistry governs everything, including thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and the words Hawking writes on the page.  Hawking might say or think that he believes his beliefs because he has good reason to, but rationality has nothing to do with belief, according to determinism.  Beliefs are caused by prior physical states.  Someone, say, my new atheist student, might think he chooses his beliefs based upon reason, logic, and evidence (he goes on and on and on about those three things in class, anyway), but that is illusory, if determinism is true.

All that doesn’t mean that his or Hawking’s  beliefs are false, it just undermines confidence in their beliefs.  How can Hawking or my student know their beliefs to be true, on determinism?  They can’t.  It all has to do with the particles, and nothing to do with a self or individual choosing based upon rationality and logic.   On determinism, there really is no such thing as a self or individual anyway…that, too, is illusory.

Add into all this that determinists advocate for their views like determinism is false.  They wax eloquent about everything being caused by the laws of physics, but then then write books, giving reasons, attempting to persuade individuals to choose determinism because it is true.  Thus, out of one side of thier mouths, they say, “I’m a vegetarian,” but out of the other side squeaks, “gimme that Inn n Out burger!”  Tough spot for a determinist.

The student just couldn’t see all this…he thought it was possible for c-fibers firing in the brain to cause the beliefs and for someone to choose based upon rational reasons.  He just couldn’t see that if determinism is true, the c-fibers are doing all the work, and the whole bit about rationality is just illusory mumbo-jumbo.

Determinism wreaks havoc on morality as well.  If everything is determined by prior physical states, including our actions, how can we hold moral agents accountable?  There are no moral agents who choose their actions on determinism, yet both are needed for a robust morality…more on that in a future blog post.

In my opinion, naturalism (the view that the physical world is all there is) is the real culprit here.  No room for legitimate free will in naturalism.  If this kid kicks his naturalism to the curb, he wouldn’t have problems like these.